General Information About Carcinoma of Unknown Primary

Carcinoma of unknown primary (CUP) is a rare disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the body but the place the cancer began is not known.

Cancer can form in any tissue of the body. The primary cancer (the cancer that first formed) can spread to other parts of the body. This process is called metastasis . Cancer cells usually look like the cells in the type of tissue in which the cancer began. For example, breast cancer cells may spread to the lung . Because the cancer began in the breast, the cancer cells in the lung look like breast cancer cells.

Sometimes doctors find where the cancer has spread but cannot find where in the body the cancer first began to grow. This type of cancer is called a cancer of unknown primary (CUP) or occult primary tumor.

Tests are done to find where the primary cancer began and to get information about where the cancer has spread. When tests are able to find the primary cancer, the cancer is no longer a CUP and treatment is based on the type of primary cancer.

Sometimes the primary cancer is never found.

The primary cancer (the cancer that first formed) may not be found for one of the following reasons:

• The primary cancer is very small and grows slowly.
• The body'simmune systemkilled the primary cancer.
• The primary cancer was removed duringsurgery for anothercondition and doctors didn't know cancer had formed. For example, auterus with cancer may be removed during ahysterectomy to treat a seriousinfection.

The signs and symptoms of CUP are different, depending on where the cancer has spread in the body.

Signs and symptoms of CUP may include the following:

• Lump or thickening in any part of the body.
• Pain that is in one part of the body and does not go away.
• A cough that does not go away or hoarseness in the voice.
• Change inbowel orbladder habits, such asconstipation ,diarrhea , or frequenturination.
• Unusual bleeding ordischarge.
• Feverfor no known reason that does not go away.
• Night sweats.
• Weight loss for no known reason or loss ofappetite.

Other conditions may cause these same symptoms. Sometimes CUP does not cause any symptoms. Talk to your doctor if you have any of these problems.

Different tests are used to detect (find) cancer.

The following tests and procedures may be used:

• Physical examand history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient's health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.
• Urinalysis : A test to check the color ofurine and its contents, such as sugar,protein ,blood , andbacteria.
• Blood chemistry studies : A procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the blood byorgansand tissues in the body. An unusual (higher or lower than normal) amount of a substance can be a sign of disease in the organ or tissue that makes it.
• Complete blood count: A procedure in which a sample of blood is drawn and checked for the following:
  • The number ofred blood cells ,white blood cells , andplatelets.
  • The amount ofhemoglobin (the protein that carriesoxygen) in the red blood cells.
  • The portion of the sample made up of red blood cells.
• Chest x-ray : Anx-rayof the organs and bones inside the chest. An x-ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film, making pictures of areas inside the body.
• Fecal occult blood test : A test to checkstool (solid waste) for blood that can only be seen with amicroscope . Small samples of stool are placed on special cards and returned to the doctor or laboratory for testing. Because some cancers bleed, blood in the stool may be a sign of cancer in thecolon orrectum.

If tests show there may be cancer, a biopsy is done.

A biopsy is the removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist. The pathologist views the tissue under a microscope to look for cancer cells and to find out the type of cancer. The type of biopsy that is done depends on the part of the body being tested for cancer. One of the following types of biopsies may be used:

• Excisional biopsy: The removal of an entire lump of tissue.
• Incisional biopsy: The removal of part of a lump or a sample of tissue.
• Core biopsy: The removal of tissue using a wide needle.
• Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy: The removal tissue orfluidusing a thin needle.

If cancer is found, one or more of the following laboratory tests may be used to study the tissue samples and find out the type of cancer:

• Histologicstudy: A laboratory test in which stains are added to a sample of cancer cells or tissue and viewed under a microscope to look for certain changes in the cells. Certain changes in the cells are linked to certain types of cancer.
• Immunohistochemistry study: A laboratory test in which dyes orenzymes are added to a sample of cancer cells or tissue to test for certainantigens (proteins that stimulate the body'simmune response).
• Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test: A laboratory test in which cells in a sample of tissue are studied using chemicals to look for certain changes in thegenes.
• Cytogenetic analysis : A laboratory test in which cells in a sample of tissue are viewed under a microscope to look for certain changes in thechromosomes. Changes in certain chromosomes are linked to certain types of cancer.
• Light andelectron microscopy: A laboratory test in which cells in a sample of tissue are viewed under regular and high-powered microscopes to look for certain changes in the cells.

When the type of cancer cells or tissue removed is different from the type of cancer cells expected to be found, a diagnosis of CUP may be made.

The cells in the body have a certain look that depends on the type of tissue they come from. For example, a sample of cancer tissue taken from the breast is expected to be made up of breast cells. However, if the sample of tissue is a different type of cell (not made up of breast cells), it is likely that the cells have spread to the breast from another part of the body. In order to plan treatment, doctors first try to find the primary cancer (the cancer that first formed).

Tests and procedures used to find the primary cancer depend on where the cancer has spread.

In some cases, the part of the body where cancer cells are first found helps the doctor decide which diagnostic tests will be most helpful.

• When cancer is found above thediaphragm (the thin muscle under thelungsthat helps with breathing), the primary cancer site is likely to be in the upper part of the body, such as in the lung or breast.
• When cancer is found below the diaphragm, the primary cancer site is likely to be in the lower part of the body, such as thepancreas ,liver , or other organ in theabdomen.
• Some cancers commonly spread to certain areas of the body. For cancer found in thelymph nodes in the neck, the primary cancer site is likely to be in the head or neck, becausehead and neck cancersoften spread to the lymph nodes in the neck.

The following tests and procedures may be done to find where the cancer first began:

• CT scan (CAT scan): A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, such as the chest or abdomen, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Adye may beinjected into aveinor swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.
• MRI(magnetic resonance imaging): A procedure that uses a magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).
• PET scan (positron emission tomography scan): A procedure to findmalignant tumor cells in the body. A small amount ofradioactive glucose (sugar) is injected into a vein. The PETscannerrotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body. Malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do.
• Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast.
• Endoscopy : A procedure to look at organs and tissues inside the body to check forabnormal areas. Anendoscope is inserted through anincision (cut) in the skin or opening in the body, such as the mouth. An endoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and alensfor viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue or lymph node samples, which are checked under a microscope for signs of disease.
• Tumor marker test: A procedure in which a sample of blood, urine, or tissue is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances made by organs, tissues, or tumor cells in the body. Certain substances are linked to specific types of cancer when found in increased levels in the body. These are called tumor markers. The blood may be checked for the levels ofalpha-fetoprotein (AFP),beta human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG), orprostate-specific antigen (PSA).

Sometimes, none of the tests can find the primary cancer site. In these cases, treatment may be based on what the doctor thinks is the most likely type of cancer.

Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery).

The prognosis (chance of recovery) depends on the following:

• Where the cancer began in the body and where it has spread.
• The number of organs with cancer in them.
• The way the tumor cells look when viewed under a microscope.
• Whether the patient is male or female.
• Whether the cancer has just beendiagnosed or hasrecurred(come back).

For most patients with CUP, current treatments do not cure the cancer. Patients may want to take part in one of the many clinical trials being done to improve treatment. Clinical trials for CUP are taking place in many parts of the country. Information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.

Stages of Carcinoma of Unknown Primary

There is no staging system for carcinoma of unknown primary (CUP).

The extent or spread of cancer is usually described as stages . The stage of the cancer is usually used to plan treatment. However, CUP has already spread to other parts of the body when it is found.

The information that is known about the cancer is used to plan treatment.

Doctors use the following types of information to plan treatment:

• The place in the body where the cancer is found, such as theperitoneum or thecervical (neck),axillary (armpit), or inguinal (groin )lymph nodes.
• The type of cancercell , such asmelanoma.
• Whether the cancer cell is poorlydifferentiated (looks very different from normal cells when viewed under amicroscope).
• The signs andsymptomscaused by the cancer.
• The results of tests and procedures.
• Whether the cancer is newlydiagnosed or hasrecurred(come back).

Treatment Option Overview

There are different types of treatment for patients with carcinoma of unknown primary (CUP).

Different types of treatment are available for patients with CUP . Some treatments are standard (the currently used treatment), and some are being tested in clinical trials . A treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer. When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment, the new treatment may become the standard treatment. Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.

Four types of standard treatment are used:

Surgery

Surgery is a common treatment for CUP. A doctor may remove the cancer and some of the healthy tissue around it.

Even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery, some patients may be given chemotherapy or radiation therapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left. Treatment given after the surgery, to increase the chances of a cure , is called adjuvant therapy.

Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. There are two types of radiation therapy. External radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer. Internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles, seeds , wires, or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer. The way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated.

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is a type of 3-dimensional (3-D) radiation therapy that uses a computer to make pictures of the size and shape of the tumor. Thin beams of radiation of different intensities (strengths) are aimed at the tumor from many angles. This type of radiation therapy is less likely to cause dry mouth, trouble swallowing, and damage to the skin.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body (systemic chemotherapy ). When chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid , an organ , or a body cavity such as the abdomen , the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas (regional chemotherapy ). Combination chemotherapy is the use of two or more anticancer drugs.

Hormone therapy

Hormone therapy is a cancer treatment that removes hormones or blocks their action and stops cancer cells from growing. Hormones are substances made by glands in the body and circulated in the bloodstream. Some hormones can cause certain cancers to grow. If tests show that the cancer cells have places where hormones can attach (receptors), drugs, surgery, or radiation therapy are used to reduce the production of hormones or block them from working.

New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.

Information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.

Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.

For some patients, taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice. Clinical trials are part of the cancer research process. Clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment.

Many of today's standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials. Patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment.

Patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future. Even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments, they often answer important questions and help move research forward.

Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.

Some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment. Other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better. There are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring (coming back) or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment.

Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. See the Treatment Options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials. These have been retrieved from NCI's listing of clinical trials.

Treatment Options for Carcinoma of Unknown Primary

Newly Diagnosed Carcinoma of Unknown Primary

Cervical (Neck) Lymph Nodes

Cancer found in cervical (neck) lymph nodes may have spread from a tumor in the head or neck. Treatment of cervical lymph node carcinoma of unknown primary (CUP) may include the following:

• Surgery to remove thetonsils.
• Radiation therapy alone.Intensity-modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) may be used.
• Radiation therapy followed by surgery to remove the lymph nodes.
• Surgery to remove the lymph nodes, with or without radiation therapy.
• Aclinical trialof new types of treatment.

See the PDQ summary on Metastatic Squamous Neck Cancer with Occult Primary Treatment for more information.

Poorly Differentiated Carcinomas

Cancer cells that are poorly differentiated look very different from normal cells. The type of cell they came from is not known. Treatment of poorly differentiated carcinoma of unknown primary , including tumors in the neuroendocrine system (the part of the brain that controls hormone -producing glands throughout the body) may include the following:

• Combination chemotherapy.
• Aclinical trialof new types of treatment.

Women with Peritoneal Cancer

Treatment for women who have peritoneal (lining of the abdomen ) carcinoma of unknown primary may be the same as for ovarian cancer. Treatment may include the following:

• Chemotherapy.
• Aclinical trialof new types of treatment.

See the PDQ summary on Ovarian Epithelial Cancer Treatment for more information.

Isolated Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis

Cancer found only in the axillary (armpit) lymph nodes may have spread from a tumor in the breast.

Treatment of axillary lymph node metastasis is usually:

• Surgeryto remove the lymph nodes.

Treatment also may include one or more of the following:

• Surgery to remove the breast.
• Radiation therapyto the breast.
• Chemotherapy.
• Aclinical trialof new types of treatment.

Inguinal Lymph Node Metastasis

Cancer found only in the inguinal (groin ) lymph nodes most likely began in the genital , anal , or rectal area. Treatment of inguinal lymph node metastasis may include the following:

• Surgeryto remove the cancer and/or lymph nodes in the groin.
• Surgery to remove the cancer and/or lymph nodes in the groin, followed byradiation therapy orchemotherapy.

Melanoma in a Single Lymph Node Area

Treatment of melanoma that is found only in a single lymph node area is usually:

• Surgeryto remove the lymph nodes.

See PDQ summary on Melanoma Treatment for more information.

Multiple Involvement

There is no standard treatment for carcinoma of unknown primary that is found in several different areas of the body. Treatment may include the following:

• Hormone therapy.
• Internal radiation therapy.
• Chemotherapy with one or more anticancerdrugs.
• Aclinical trial.

Recurrent Carcinoma of Unknown Primary

Treatment for recurrent carcinoma of unknown primary is usually within a clinical trial. Treatment depends on the following:

• The type ofcancer.
• How the cancer was treated before.
• Where the cancer has come back in the body.
• Theconditionand wishes of the patient.

Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with recurrent carcinoma of unknown primary. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.

Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with newly diagnosed carcinoma of unknown primary. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.

To Learn More About Carcinoma of Unknown Primary

For more information from the National Cancer Institute about carcinoma of unknown primary, see the following:

• Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Home Page
• Metastatic Cancer

For general cancer information and other resources from the National Cancer Institute, see the following:

• What You Need to Know About™ Cancer
• Understanding Cancer Series: Cancer
• Cancer Staging
• Chemotherapy and You: Support for People With Cancer
• Radiation Therapy and You: Support for People With Cancer
• Coping with Cancer: Supportive and Palliative Care
• Questions to Ask Your Doctor About Cancer
• Cancer Library
• Information For Survivors/Caregivers/Advocates

Changes to This Summary (09 / 27 / 2011)

The PDQ cancer information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above.

Editorial changes were made to this summary.

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PDQ is a comprehensive cancer database available on NCI's Web site.

PDQ is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. Most of the information contained in PDQ is available online at NCI's Web site. PDQ is provided as a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health, the federal government's focal point for biomedical research.

PDQ contains cancer information summaries.

The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries are available in two versions. The health professional versions provide detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions provide current and accurate cancer information.

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PDQ also contains information on clinical trials.

A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.

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Last Revised: 2011-09-27

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